Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - Essay Example Agranulocytosis is hard to detect and is only visible once the symptoms of the infection start to appear. The symptoms include: mucosal ulcers, sore throat and rising temperatures. Nurses should be aware of these signs and should stop administering of Clozapine at the onset of these symptoms. (Keogh & Doyle 2008) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is another side effect of psychopharmacology. It is ‘an idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic medications’ that may be life threatening (Keogh & Doyle 2008). Though it may occur from using any neuroleptic medication, the main culprit is haloperidol. Many clients start developing symptoms of NMS within a two week time frame. The symptoms include: muscular/lead pipe rigidity, changed autonomic functions like blood pressure, increase in white blood cell count, hyperthermia, tremor and change in the mental status of patients. The nurses should be aware of these signs and immediately stop the medication. Intervention of NMS include: use of dopamine to relax muscles, electroconvulsive therapy to reduce NMS and antipyretics like paracetamol to relax the fever. (Keogh & Doyle 2008) Special nursing care is also very important for NMS patients aside from the interventions named above. NMS patients are to be closely monitored to evaluate their mental and physical states, so that in case of a symptom breakout, early intervention is done at the initial stages of the attack. There should be routine checkups and documentations and all forms of anomalies should also be recorded and reported to relevant medical practitioners. Serotonin syndrome is also a side effect. It is a life threatening reaction to excess serotonin, although it occurs rarely. This happens when serotonin is administered with other drugs that affect the serotonergic system, for instance the tricyclic medication. Symptoms include:

Annotated Bibliograpgy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Annotated Bibliograpgy - Essay Example (2007)] 7. Healing Emotional and Psychological Trauma [Help Guide (2008)] 8. Strategies to prevent injury [Abernethy L. & Bleakley C. (2007)] 9. Future trends in treatment of sport injuries [Niams.nih (2009)] 10. Conclusion Annotated Bibliography 1. Smith, R.E., Smoll1, F.L. Ptacek1, J. T. (1989). Conjunctive Moderator Variables in Vulnerability and Resiliency Research: Life Stress, Social Support and Coping Skills, and Adolescent Sport Injuries. University of Washington. This source focuses on demonstrating the conjunctive impacts of two psychological factors; psychological coping skills and social support. The source gives a overview of the number of injuries that occur among athletes in the US. The injuries are mainly caused by biomechanical and physical factors and to some level by psychosocial factors. Referring to studies conducted in the past, the authors state that some moderator variables may affect the relationship that exists between vulnerability to injury and life events . The source advocates teaching athletes psychological coping skills and increasing social support with an aim of increasing their resiliency. 2. Birrer,  D.,  Horvath,  S., Meyer,  S.,  Moesch,  K.,  &  Seiler,  R. (2007). ... The source specifically seeks to establish if the stability of various psychological variables impacts rehabilitation. Some of the variables that are investigated include anxiety, social support, self control, internal locus of control and degree of adherence among others. This source is important in establishing the relationship that exists between various factors and how well rehabilitation of athletics who get injured in the course of playing respond to treatment. 3. Glazer,  D.  (2009). â€Å"Development and Preliminary Validation of the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (I-PRRS) Scale†.  Journal of Athletic Training,  44(2),  185-189.   This source focuses on the effects of injuries to sports people. The source states that apart from physical injuries, sports people undergo psychological distress in the event that they get hurt in the process of playing. Some of the predisposing factors to athletes’ injuries are psychosocial in nature ac cording to Glazer. The effects of returning to the field before sports people fully recover from psychological effects that result from injury include depression, lower performance, anxiety, fear, re-injury as well as possible injury of other body parts. The source emphasizes that there is need to measure athletes’ confidence levels before they are allowed to return to the playfield after sustaining injuries in order to avoid or mitigate the aforementioned effects. Glazer discusses the scales used to measure how ready or confident sports people are to engage in sporting activities after suffering injuries while playing. 4. Help Guide (2008) Healing Emotional and Psychological Trauma Symptoms, Treatment, and Recovery.

Article Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Article Analysis - Essay Example ird hypothesis for this study was that: Attentional factors, rather than peripheral factors are the major contributing factors to accidents arising from drivers using the cell phone while driving (Strayer & Jonson, 2001). The first experiment testing the effect of hands-free cellular phone communication on the interruption of driving applied a sample of 48 participants, all of them students. The sample comprised a balanced gender of 24 male students and 24 female students (Strayer & Jonson, 2001). In the additional control condition study, which sought to assess the effect of listening to a selected passage from a book on tape to creating a dual-task condition, the experiment applied a sample of 20 participants, who were also gender balanced, with 10 male students and 10 female students participating. The second experiment, which entailed the assessment of the specific localized source of interference in driving while using cell phone, was undertaken using a sample of 24 students, who were gender balanced, with 12 male students and 12 female students in participation (Strayer & Jonson, 2001). The threats to validity identifiable in this study include the fact that; the controlled condition experiment for assessing the dual-task interference tried to mimic the real world situation through applying broadcasts involving a mixture of music and speech (Strayer & Jonson, 2001). Nevertheless, such mimicking cannot derive similar results like in a real world situation, considering that in the controlled condition, the elements of interference are just the music and speech broadcasts, while in the real world situation, the elements of interference are much more, sight included. Therefore, the controlled condition may not derive completely valid results. The other aspect that puts the validity of the experiments into question is that; the study involved the application of simulated driving (Strayer & Jonson, 2001). This is not similar to a natural driving setting, thus

Business Economics (Principal Agent Theory) Essay

Business Economics (Principal Agent Theory) - Essay Example In fact analysts and the common people were surprised at the high risk undertaken by such big companies as Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. In fact Bear Stearns Cos. was acquired by JP Morgan Chase & Co despite being the for the largest investment bank at one point of time. Experts have long criticized such lack of foresight in risk taking. However one important factor which are not often brought up in the analyses of this problem is the compensation of executives especially those which are incentive based. As analyzed by the experts, years before this crisis took place, the executives undertook the long-term economic stability as a gamble to play with and focused more on short-term financial gains. (Keller & Stocker, 2008) Understanding this issue might prevent future dangers and thus address the problem of bankruptcy by designing better compensation arrangements. The problem of compensation can be analyzed with the help of illustrating the case of Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns as d epicted in the work â€Å"The Wages of Failure: Executive Compensation at Bear Stearns and Lehman 2000-2008† by Lucian A. Bebchuk, Alma Cohen and Holger Spamann in 2010. A panel of business and policy experts resented this lack of focus on long term worth and steadiness and the stress on short-term benefits. The National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD) suggested that the focus should lie on performance-oriented compensation rather than measuring the performance of the firm based upon stock prices. However the gap between such compensation and the value added to the American companies began to increase. In 2007 even when the mortgage crisis progressed further, the bonuses of Wall Street was at $33.2 billion, merely 2 percent below the high levels of 2006. The fall of Bear Stearns shows the problems brought about by the inclination towards short-term success. (Keller &

Necessary Elements that Teachers Should Aware for Culturally and Article

Necessary Elements that Teachers Should Aware for Culturally and Linguistically - Article Example The bilingual exceptional student’s proficient instructional approaches have created additional stress for teachers and researchers to build up and for managers to expand evaluation policies that make possible legal fulfillment, at the same time make instructional sense. In the sphere of bilingual learning the question of the best sort of services, together with cultural pluralism, diverse communities, exit-entry appraisal, and the identical wellbeing of the law, are most frequently in disagreement with intercession policies, confusing the subject of what a perfect bilingual education program should achieve. There is no precise standard available to gauge and explain the range of bilingual programs existing, nor has any visibly defined variable surfaced beside which to appraise the broad competence or usefulness of bilingual education (Amber and Dew, 1983). The asymmetrical account of learners from varied socio-cultural and linguistic environment in special education has been a relentless anxiety in the field since many years. Regardless of constant hard work by teachers and researchers to recognize causative features and build up an explanation, student enrollments in special education range from over to under-representation, relying on the disability category and the specific racial/ethnic group, social class, culture, and language of the students (Donovan & Cross, 2002). Even though investigative rates of representation can alert teachers to the reality of a crisis, the important question is that in dealing with disproportional in special education whether the right student is recognized and served. It is important to focus on professional development on efficient practices for culturally and linguistically diverse learners. Since the inadequate number of teachers available with adequate training in effective practices for culturally and linguistically diverse learners, it is important that  educators engage in professional development that can lead to culturally skilled practice.  

Role of transfer in second language acquisition Essay

Role of transfer in second language acquisition - Essay Example Most researchers now presuppose that innate principles and transfer interact in L2 development, but researchers have varying positions on how these interactions take place (Gass 1996). This paper explores second language (L2) acquisitions theories and their analysis of the role of transfer. Universal-grammar based approaches contend that transfer has a significant role to play in L2 acquisition through the exercise of innate principles (Universal Grammar or UG) (Gass 1996:330). Two major alternatives explanations have been expressed by studies. First, learners have access to UG either (a) completely, in the way that children do, or (b) partly, in ways that other variables, such as L1 may interrelate with UG and avoid complete access to UG. Second, learners cannot access UG (Gass 1996:330). When exploring these possibilities, the first (UG access) hints that UG is the preliminary access stage for L2 grammar development. In the strong account of UG access, UG limits grammar development through the complete process of L2 acquisition; in the weak account, UG is the initial point, but the L1 is a vital part of the process, successfully stopping the full use of UG (Gass 1996:330). The second likelihood indicates that the L1 is the preliminary point and provides the foundations on which L2s build up (Gass 1996:330). Principles are important in second language acquisition and accessible to all humans during the acquisition of L1.Otsu and Naoi (1986) studied the principle of Structure Dependence, which asserts that linguistic rules work through structural units, through investigating data from Japanese learners (ages 14-15) of English (Gass 1996:330). The focus was on L2 question formation with subjects that have relative clauses (Gass 1996:330). In Japanese, questions are made by adding a particle without changing the word order. This means that from L1, there is lack of available information on how question formation is processed in English (Gass 1996:330). Generally, the subjects observed the limitations of the structure dependency, although by the age of the subjects, the results may not directly shape L2 acquisition as adults (Gass 1996:330). The goal of the study was to establish access to a principle that cannot be found in L1. Nevertheless, White accurately recommends that this principle may still manifest in NL through other structures (Gass 1996:330). If this is true, it is not certain if UG is directly accessible to L2 learners or whether it is accessible through the L1 (Gass 1996:330). Another theory that has recently surfaced is the Full Transfer/Full Access theory (FTFA) (Schwartz and Sprouse 1996), which has greatly influenced the literature. This theory argues that at the beginning of L2 acquisition, the L1 grammar is being transferred in full (except the phonetic structures of lexical items). Consequently, this grammar will be restructured, as limited by the UG (Schwartz and Sprouse 1996). Hence, the L1 provides the foundation for L2 acquisition. It suggests that a Turkish speaker learning English will use grammar based on Turkey, so that the English language can be learned. For instance: 1) I see a red house. 2) Ben k?rm?z? bir ev gorurum. In order to learn number one, Turkish speakers use their L1 grammar. In the Competition Model (Bates and MacWhinney 1981), transfer plays a large role. The model assumes that form and function cannot be detached from one another, which is its

MENTAL HEALTH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MENTAL HEALTH - Essay Example This paper will explore the use of the antipsychotic drug clozapine with a deep insight into the guideline that should be followed in its use in mental health centres. First, the paper will look into what clozapine is and how it works, its dosage and then look into its initiation procedure, observations and side effects. The paper will also look into haematological tests and why they are so important in the monitoring and lastly look into how smoking effect clozapine in the body. What is Clozapine? Clozapine is a drug that belongs to the group of medicines known as antipsychotics, which are mainly used in the treatment of schizophrenia (Castle & Buckley, 2011). Clozapine is a highly regulated drug under the specialised drugs program and is only intended as third line treatment for chronic schizophrenia refractory to treatment with other drugs or drug resistant schizophrenia (Labbate, Fava, Rosenbaum, & Arana, 2010). It is a second generation neuroleptic drug whose availability is tig htly controlled and can only be used when mandatory blood testing and other monitoring can be achieved at the required intervals. Clozapine was first developed in 1958 but was then removed from the market because of its potentially lethal side effects of agranulocytosis also known as neutropenia and was only approved for use in mental health centres 30 years later after a pivotal study demonstrated its efficiency and efficacy in treating resistant schizophrenia (Usher, Foster, & Bullock, 2009). In Australia and elsewhere around the globe, the risk of neutropenia and other side effects necessitated that a standard monitoring system known as the Clozapine Patient Monitoring System be used for all patients under medication with clozapine. Clopineconnect database Clopineconnect is an online database where all consumer blood test results and other essential and relevant information is stored and can be accessed by registered personnel thus making it easier to check compliance with the mo nitoring requirements. If a patient consuming clozapine does not adhere to the treatment requirements or the organisation in charge does not follow the required monitoring protocol, the database will show absence of critical information and the prescription of the medication must cease in accordance with the set protocol until the required monitoring is completed (Usher, Foster, & Bullock, 2009). How Clozapine waorks Clozapine is a very strong drug and should only be used where other medications have failed but it also requires patience as positive effects of the drug may not be realised until 4-6 weeks and the full positive effects may not be realised until 6-12 months where consistency is very important (Lauriello & Pallanti, 2011). Clozapine is very effective in alleviating the normal symptoms of schizophrenia such as social withdrawal, lack of motivation, lack of interest in doing things and lack of energy. It is also very efficient in treatment of hallucinations, delusions, agi tation, unusual thinking, speech and behaviour (Stahl, 2006). Clozapine works through interaction with neurotransmitters, which are used by the cells in the brain for communication. Too much or too little amounts of neurotransmitters in the brain cause abnormalities in behaviour and clozapine works by blocking